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Thorium (Th)
Atomic number 90 · Actinide
| Atomic number | 90 |
|---|---|
| Atomic mass | 232.0377 u |
| Molar mass | 232.0377 g/mol |
| Category | Actinide |
| Group / period / block | — / 7 / f |
| Electron configuration | [Rn] 6d2 7s2 |
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2 |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 1.3 |
| Atomic radius | 180.0 pm |
| Density | 11.7 g/cm³ |
| First ionisation energy | 6.3067 eV |
| Melting point | 2023.15 K (1750.00 °C) |
| Boiling point | 5058.15 K (4785.00 °C) |
| Common oxidation states | +4 |
| Abundance in Earth's crust | 9.6 ppm |
Uses
Nuclear-fuel research, gas lantern mantles
Discovery
1828, Jöns Berzelius