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Germanium (Ge)
Atomic number 32 · Metalloid
| Atomic number | 32 |
|---|---|
| Atomic mass | 72.63 u |
| Molar mass | 72.63 g/mol |
| Category | Metalloid |
| Group / period / block | 14 / 4 / p |
| Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 4 |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 2.01 |
| Atomic radius | 125.0 pm |
| Density | 5.3234 g/cm³ |
| First ionisation energy | 7.8994 eV |
| Melting point | 1211.4 K (938.25 °C) |
| Boiling point | 3106.15 K (2833.00 °C) |
| Common oxidation states | -4, +2, +4 |
| Abundance in Earth's crust | 1.5 ppm |
Uses
Fibre optics, infrared lenses, transistors
Discovery
1886, Clemens Winkler